On-Site Waste in Construction: A Two-Decade Review of Global Practices, Emerging Technologies, and Policy Evolution

Construction waste generated during active construction phases forms a significant share of global solid waste, challenging environmental sustainability, material efficiency, and project economics. Inefficiencies in procurement, handling, storage, and execution contribute to avoidable losses and environmental degradation. This review analyses the literature from the past two decades, focusing on on-site waste generation, current management practices, and mitigation strategies. It examines emerging technologies—such as BIM, IoT-based tracking, and modular construction—alongside national and regional policies promoting sustainable construction. Emphasis is placed on case studies from India, Egypt, and Malaysia to highlight differing regulatory responses and industry readiness. The paper also evaluates sectoral awareness and stakeholder engagement in minimizing waste. Findings reveal a trend toward integrated models combining policy with technology, but highlight gaps in implementation, particularly in developing regions. Recommendations include reinforcing policy frameworks, advancing digital tools, and raising industry-wide awareness.