Supplemental Tables for Journal of Dairy Science 2024-25658

Forty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design and assigned to one of four treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of supplemental palmitic acid (C16:0) and chromium (Cr) on production responses of early-lactation cows. During the fresh period (FR; 1-24 d in milk), cows were fed one of four treatments: (1) a diet containing no supplemental C16:0 or Cr (CON); (2) diet supplemented with an 85% C16:0-enriched supplement (PA); (3) diet supplemented with Cr-propionate (CR); and (4) diet supplemented with a C16:0-enriched supplement and Cr-propionate (PACR). The C16:0-enriched supplement was added at 1.5% of diet DM by replacing soyhulls in the C16:0-supplemented diets, and the Cr-propionate supplement (0.45 mg Cr/kg of diet DM) was administered through the vitamin and mineral mix. During the carryover period (CO; 25-56 d in milk), a common diet was offered to all cows to evaluate the carryover effects of the treatment diets. Palmitic acid and Cr supplementation interacted with time during the treatment period, with the supplemented diets increasing the yields of ECM, 3.5% FCM, and milk fat to a greater extent during the first two weeks of lactation compared to CON. By the third week of lactation, C16:0 supplemented diets also increased milk fat yield compared to CR. Additionally, C16:0 and Cr interacted with time in the treatment period to influence plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and BHB. Overall, C16:0 supplementation increased the yields of milk fat, ECM and 3.5% FCM, and decreased milk protein content in the treatment period. Overall, Cr supplementation increased the yields of milk, milk protein, and milk lactose in the treatment period. Additionally, Cr supplementation interacted with time, increasing the yields of milk, milk protein, and milk lactose during the CO period. We did not observe treatment differences for DMI and plasma glucose during the FR period, and no treatment effects on BW, BW change and BCS change in FR or CO periods. In conclusion, C16:0 and Cr supplementation interacted during the early postpartum period to impact milk production responses compared to a non-supplemented diet. Feeding Cr during the immediate postpartum had a carryover effect, improving milk production responses after ceasing feeding the treatment diets.