Energy Modeling for Rwanda: Integrating Solar and Large-Scale Battery Storage to Address Excessive Peak Demand

Using the OSeMOSYS tool, three scenarios were modeled to assess Rwanda's energy future. The Business As Usual (BAU) scenario indicates a continued heavy reliance on non-renewable energy sources, resulting in significant CO₂ emissions throughout the modeling period. Scenario Two introduces renewable energy sources, with a particular emphasis on solar energy, leading to a substantial reduction in emissions. Building upon this, Scenario Three incorporates battery storage systems and phases out diesel- based power generation, achieving the most significant CO₂ emissions reduction among the scenarios. Therefore, Scenario Three is highly recommended for the Government of Rwanda to consider in its strategic energy planning.