Enhancing Characteristics of Concrete: A Review on the Influence of Fibers, Crumb Rubber, and Supplementary Cementitious Materials

The incorporation of fibers, crumb rubber, and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has gained significant attention in improving the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete. This review examines studies exploring the effects of steel and synthetic fibers, crumb rubber, and SCMs such as silica fume, fly ash, metakaolin, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and geopolymer concrete. Research findings indicate that crumb rubber enhances impact resistance but reduces compressive strength, while synthetic and steel fibers improve tensile and flexural properties. The combined use of silica fume and ultra-fine TiO₂ in fiber-reinforced concrete enhances strength and durability, with an optimal cement replacement of 10%. Additionally, steel fiber reinforcement in geopolymer concrete containing oil palm shell aggregates significantly improves energy absorption capacity under impact loading. Fiber length and volume fraction play a crucial role in optimizing strength and impact resistance. This review highlights the potential of sustainable materials and fiber reinforcement in enhancing concrete performance for structural applications subjected to cyclic and impact loading conditions. Future research should focus on optimizing mix designs and evaluating long-term durability to develop more resilient and eco-friendly concrete solutions