A Common Byproduct of Nitration Reaction in Laboratory – Nitrogen Dioxide: Compilation of its Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Studies

Chemistry laboratory is the home for synthesis of various organic and inorganic compounds. Synthesis of one chemical compound can lead to production of multiple by-product. Reactions like nitration are often characterized by progressive evolution of reddish-brown vapors. These sorts of reactions are advised to be performed under fume-hood, so as to limit the inhalation of such vapor. Among the various oxides of nitrogen, this pungent smelling vapor is of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Electronic distribution of nitrogen dioxide causes it to be called as a ‘free radical’. This free radical when inhaled in excessive amount can lead to toxic conditions called ‘oxidative stress’ followed by cellular damage. Additionally, cascade of inflammatory mediators are activated due to response of the oxidative stress. Increased production of peroxynitrile causes nitrosative stress too. This paper explores the acute and chronic health effects of NO2, its properties, and pharmacokinetics properties. The toxicity caused by NO2 gas with view of mechanistic approach is also discussed here.