Biomarkers: Key Indicators in Cardiovascular Health and Disease" – Highlights Their Diagnostic Nature

Stroke continues to be a major global health challenge, with India bearing a significant share of the associated mortality and disability. India reports approximately 185,000 new stroke cases annually, equating to one stroke every 40 seconds and one stroke-related death every four minutes, while stroke incidence is higher among older adults, there is a notable increase in cases among younger individuals, including those under 40 years of age. Numerous risk factors, including as diabetes, hypertension, tobacco use, dyslipidaemia, and changes in lifestyle brought on by fast urbanisation and socioeconomic shifts, are responsible for this high burden. There are various kinds of cardiac strokes, with ischaemic strokes making up roughly one-third of haemorrhagic strokes. Heart strokes, encompassing both ischemic and haemorrhagic events, remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions are crucial for improving outcomes. In recent years, the role of biomarkers has gained significant attention for their potential in the early detection, risk stratification, prognosis, and monitoring of therapeutic responses in stroke patients. This review explores the current and emerging biomarkers associated with heart stroke, highlighting their roles, limitations, and future potential in advancing stroke management and personalized medicine.