Examining the Impact of Environmental Variables on DNA Extraction Efficiency in Forensic Blood Samples

Abstract: Forensic science has evolved significantly with the advent of DNA analysis, playing a pivotal role in criminal investigations. DNA analysis has become integral to forensic laboratories, aiding detectives in solving crimes. Advances in extraction and quantification technologies have enabled the examination of biological samples like blood and sperm, producing crucial genetic evidence. Despite DNA's susceptibility to degradation from factors such as time, temperature, and UV exposure, its analysis remains feasible, making it a robust tool in forensic investigations. This study focused on the impact of environmental conditions, including temperature, sunlight exposure, and soil moisture, on DNA yield. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of several environmental factors, including temperature, soil, water, PH and exposure to UV Radiation, on the quantity and quality of DNA obtained from forensic blood samples. These factors can affect the stability of DNA and the efficiency of DNA extraction. This can result in variability in DNA yield, which can impact downstream applications such as PCR, sequencing, etc. Past studies have emphasized the vulnerability of DNA to environmental elements. Extreme temperatures and UV exposure have been identified as significant contributors to DNA degradation. It was discovered that lower temperatures increased DNA yield whereas higher temperatures decreased it. The researches also discovered that the DNA extracted from forensic blood samples might be significantly impacted by sunshine exposure. A DNA sample's quality can be reduced as a result of exposure to UV radiation, making it potentially unusable for analysis. Contamination, poor storage practices, and extended storage without preservation techniques can compromise DNA quality. These studies underscore the importance of understanding environmental impacts on DNA recovery and analysis. In this research, Blood samples were subjected to controlled conditions, including freezing, moist soil, and sunlight exposure. DNA extraction revealed varying yields, with freezing conditions preserving DNA integrity. Moist soil conditions resulted in intermediate yields, while sunlight exposure led to decreased DNA yield. Temperature fluctuations and soil pH differences were also observed, Proper storage practices, swift processing, and awareness of contamination risks are imperative, Insufficient DNA yield may impede the creation of accurate DNA profiles, hindering suspect identification. This study contributes valuable insights into the environmental dynamics affecting DNA in forensic science, enhancing the field's efficacy and reliability. Keywords: environmental factors, DNA yield, contamination, forensic investigation, degradation.