Lenacapavir: A Novel Capsid Inhibitor in HIV-1 Treatment and Capsid Inhibitors Drugs

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a global health challenge despite advancements in antiretroviral therapies. Capsid inhibitors have emerged as promising agents due to their unique mechanism of action targeting the viral capsid, which plays a critical role in viral replication, assembly, and uncoating. Among these, lenacapavir—a first-in-class, long-acting capsid inhibitor—has shown substantial efficacy in preclinical and clinical trials, demonstrating prolonged antiviral activity, reduced dosing frequency, and a favorable safety profile. This review explores the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of novel capsid inhibitors, with a focus on lenacapavir’s potential to address issues of adherence and resistance. Additionally, the article discusses practical considerations, dosing strategies, and future directions in capsid inhibitor research, offering insights into the next generation of HIV therapeutics.