Transcranial Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review

This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of transcranial stimulation techniques in Parkinson's disease, focusing on motor and cognitive outcomes. Utilizing the Synthory.AI service for automated synthesis, 28 studies published between 2018 and 2025 were analyzed. Key findings highlight the potential of rTMS, tDCS, and ultrasound neuromodulation to improve motor performance, reduce UPDRS scores, and enhance cognitive functions. Despite promising results, challenges such as small sample sizes, methodological variability, and the need for standardized protocols limit generalizability. Future research should emphasize larger, multicenter trials and explore neurobiological mechanisms to optimize clinical applications and improve patient outcomes.