A Correlative Study of Clinical Features, Ultrasound Findings, and Biochemical Markers in PCOS

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, marked by hormonal imbalances, metabolic disruptions, and reproductive abnormalities. Clinical features such as irregular cycles, hirsutism, and obesity, combined with ultrasonographic findings like multiple small follicles and elevated biochemical markers, necessitate a comprehensive diagnostic approach to understand and manage PCOS effectively. Material and Methods: This prospective study was conducted over a year at a tertiary care center in Western Gujarat, including 60 PCOS patients and 20 healthy controls. Participants underwent detailed clinical evaluations, ultrasonographic imaging, and biochemical analysis, adhering to the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS diagnosis. Key parameters like BMI, hormone levels, and ovarian morphology were assessed to investigate the clinical, ultrasonographic, and biochemical correlates of PCOS. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and correlation tests, with a p-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Our study demonstrated significant clinical, hormonal, and immunological differences between PCOS patients and healthy controls. The study group showed a high prevalence of hirsutism (70%), oligomenorrhea (66.67%), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography (63.33%), all absent in the control group (p < 0.001). BMI (28.95 ± 6.15 kg/m²), LH levels (12.75 ± 4.25 mIU/mL), and the LH-FSH ratio (2.15 ± 0.95) were significantly elevated in the study group (p < 0.001), alongside increased anti-TPO antibody levels in patients with polycystic ovaries (65.50 ± 85.25 IU/mL, p < 0.001). While fasting blood sugar, prolactin, and TSH levels showed no significant differences, strong correlations between BMI, LH, and anti-TPO levels highlight the intricate interplay of metabolic, hormonal, and immunological factors in PCOS. Conclusion: Our study identifies significant correlations between clinical features, ultrasound findings, and biochemical markers in PCOS patients, emphasizing the role of thyroid autoimmunity, BMI, and hormonal imbalances. These results highlight the value of integrated diagnostic approaches for effective management of PCOS.