Multimodal biometric integration: Trends and insights from the past quinquennial

Recent years have seen a notable breakthrough in multimodal biometric systems, which combine numerous biometric modalities for increased security and accuracy. This paper offers a thorough analysis of recent advances in the field, addressing the many multimodal biometric strategies that have been put out by different researchers. Numerous modalities are covered by the evaluation, such as palm print, speech, iris, facial features, palm print, fingerprint, body form, gait, and more. To obtain amazing results in terms of accuracy and security, researchers have used cutting-edge methods like convolutional neural networks (CNNs), support vector machines (SVM), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), deep learning, and optimization algorithms. Many fusion strategies have been investigated to efficiently merge data from many modalities, such as feature-level fusion, decision-level fusion, and score-level fusion. Developments in template protection systems have also addressed security issues related to transmission and storage of biometric data. Even though a lot of the suggested systems have shown great accuracy rates, there are still issues with hardware restrictions, dataset biases, privacy problems, and computational costs. Prospective study avenues encompass investigating more extensive and heterogeneous datasets, crafting resilient fusion algorithms, and amalgamating cutting-edge technologies like deep learning-based biometric cryptosystems and federated learning. All things considered, the literature study demonstrates the enormous potential of multimodal biometric systems in offering safe and dependable authentication solutions for a wide range of applications, from on-line student authentication and proctoring systems to customized healthcare networks.