Exploring Population Diversity in India through Genetic Studies: A Review

ABSTRACT Because of migrations, endogamy, and sociocultural relations India is rich in its genetic diversity. This review highlighted findings regarding genetic diversity from available genetic studies utilizing Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers, in India's population and relation of genetic diversity with forensic implications. Studies on populations like the Tamil, Bhil, Gorkha, and Malayalam-speaking communities reveal unique allelic distributions and genetic affinities. Forensic parameters, including Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) and Power of Discrimination (PD), underscore the utility of STR markers in criminal investigations and paternity testing. Population comparison studies elucidate genetic relatedness, with distinct clusters observed based on geographical and linguistic affiliations. For instance, the genetic distance analysis of the Tamil population compared to global and regional populations highlights unique genetic affinities and substructures. Despite advancements, noticeable gaps remain, particularly in northwestern India, urging comprehensive research to enhance forensic DNA analysis and ensure justice in legal proceedings. The absence of allele frequency data specific to regions like Chhattisgarh underscores the need for targeted studies to improve DNA profiling accuracy. The study will help in exploring India's genetic complexities, information on historical migrations and creation of a database for advancing forensic science for the benefit of the criminal justice system. Keywords: Genetic diversity, Short Tandem Repeat markers, Indian populations, Forensic genetics, Population comparisons.