Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease with Diverse Manifestations and Treatment Challenges

Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. It presents with diverse clinical forms, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis, each with unique manifestations and treatment challenges. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of leishmaniasis, emphasizing its etiology, clinical diversity, diagnostic approaches, current treatment strategies, emerging therapies, prevention, and global control efforts. Methods: A critical analysis of recent literature and global health reports was performed to synthesize current knowledge on leishmaniasis’ epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and therapeutic options. Results: Despite progress in understanding and managing leishmaniasis, challenges such as drug resistance, diagnostic limitations, toxicity, and accessibility remain significant. Advances in nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and vaccine development show promise. Integrated vector and reservoir control, along with community engagement, are essential for effective prevention. Conclusion: Addressing leishmaniasis requires multidisciplinary research, innovative diagnostics and treatments, and sustained global commitment to reduce disease burden and achieve elimination goals.