Analysis of Mortar Samples and Mineral Composition from Deir el-Kahf, Jordan

This study presents a detailed investigation of limestone mortar samples collected from three distinct zones within the Deir el-Kahf archaeological site in Jordan. The research objectives include the characterization of physical and chemical properties, evaluation of compositional homogeneity, and correlation of material properties with historical construction practices. Advanced analytical techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were employed to determine mineralogical phases and elemental composition. Results indicate a high degree of compositional consistency across samples, dominated by calcite (CaCO3) derived from lime binders and quartz (SiO2) aggregates. Minor variations in aggregate size and binder-to-aggregate ratios reflect localized adaptations in material sourcing or construction techniques. The integration of petrographic observations with chemical data underscores the effectiveness of combined analytical approaches in archaeological material studies. These findings provide critical insights for restoration strategies, emphasizing the need for compatible materials in conservation efforts. Future studies should incorporate advanced imaging techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and isotopic analysis to further elucidate material provenance and technological evolution.