Impact of Menopause on Glycemic Indices, Inflammatory Markers, and Total Cholesterol Levels in Women Residing in Onitsha, Anambra State

Menopause is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular changes, yet its impact on glycemic control, inflammation, and lipid profile remains underexplored in Nigerian women. This study assessed the influence of menopause on glycemic indices, inflammatory markers, and total cholesterol levels among women in Onitsha, Anambra State. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), interleukin-6 (IL-6)], and total cholesterol were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Postmenopausal women exhibited significantly higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and blood pressure compared to premenopausal controls (p < 0.05). FPG, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR were significantly elevated in the postmenopausal group (p < 0.05). Similarly, CRP, RF, and IL-6 levels were markedly increased, indicating heightened systemic inflammation. Total cholesterol levels were also significantly higher in postmenopausal women (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed strong associations between menopause and CRP (Adjusted R² = 0.733, β = 0.859, p = 0.000) and IL-6 (Adjusted R² = 0.535, β = 0.738, p = 0.000), suggesting a pronounced inflammatory response. Menopause is significantly associated with impaired glycemic control, increased inflammation, and elevated cholesterol levels, predisposing women to metabolic and cardiovascular risks. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate menopause-related health complications