Federalism and Ethnic Identity in Nepal: A Critical Examination

This article presents an overview of ethno-federalism and its implementation in Nepal. It examines the practice of ethno-federalism within its historical context, constitutional provisions, challenges, and prospects. The study is primarily based on a conceptual and narrative literature review, drawing on liberal political philosophy, a contemporary institutional approach, and a descriptive and analytical methodology that relies mainly on secondary data sources. Ethno-federalism is one of the major political outcomes of the Second Mass Movement of 2006. The 2015 Constitution of Nepal stands as a significant example of the inclusion of ethnic groups within a federal governance framework. It provides for the integration of various ethnic communities into the national governing system by establishing multiple ethnic commissions. The constitution also emphasizes inclusive representation to address historical marginalization and to ensure that diverse voices are reflected in governance. However, Nepal must strive to maintain a balance among federal, provincial, and local governments to promote both ethnic autonomy and national unity—ensuring that federalism fosters inclusive development rather than deepening divisions.