Assessment and correlation of Anxiety, Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontal disease in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background:Metabolic Syndrome (METS), psychological stress, and smoking are significant risk factors for various periodontal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate periodontal parameters among three groups: patients with METS who smoke, patients with METS who do not smoke, and healthy individuals without smoking habits.Methods:The study involved 105 participants divided into three groups of 35: (1) systemically healthy non-smokers, (2) METS patients without smoking habits, and (3) METS patients with smoking habits, all with untreated chronic periodontitis. Psychological assessments, physical examinations, and laboratory tests (HbA1c, HDL, triglycerides) were conducted. Clinical evaluations included Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), and Community Periodontal Index (CPI).