CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, CHRONONUTRITION, PHYSICAL TRAINING, AND REDOX HOMEOSTASIS—MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN HUMAN HEALTH

A wide range of physiological processes, human behaviors, and social interactions are intricately regulated by the dynamic interaction between external factors and the body’s internal circadian rhythms. This complex regulatory system is prone to disturbances, and in modern society, misalignment between circadian rhythms and environmental cues is common, often linked to negative health outcomes. Many of today’s most prevalent chronic diseases are closely associated with changes in lifestyle, including reduced physical activity, exposure to artificial light (commonly referred to as light pollution), sedentary habits coupled with consumption of energy-dense foods, irregular eating patterns, disrupted sleep (in both quality and duration), shift work, and social jetlag. The rapid pace of modern life and domestic routines has far outstripped the rate of genetic adaptation, leaving circadian rhythms vulnerable to multiple disruptions, increasing susceptibility to disease. This review aims to synthesize current research that supports the integration of circadian rhythms, molecular homeostasis, oxidative stress, and the effects of physical activity, sleep, and nutrition.