On the basis of stasis: documentation of taxon durations in paleontology and the necessity of museum voucher specimens

Abstract Most species exhibit morphological stasis following speciation and this is a key feature of the concept of punctuated equilibria. Stasis results in species often having long durations on geological time scales. Durational data are fundamental to many types of paleobiological analyses and are ideally based on occurrence data represented by specimens in museum collections. Often, however, durational data are presented without supporting information about voucher specimens that document stratigraphic ranges, including first and last appearances. We use the iconic Devonian trilobite Eldredgeops rana to demonstrate that durational data can be challenging to determine at multiple taxonomic levels. Further, we show that different datasets—including Sepkoski’s published databases, the Paleobiology Database, and iDigBio—give discordant results concerning first and last occurrences. We argue that paleontologists should adopt two general best practices to help address these problems. First, systematists should clearly identify voucher specimens that represent stratigraphic occurrences of species. Second, we recommend that high-quality photographs of occurrence vouchers be placed in open access websites and be assigned public domain licensing prior to being paywalled by journals. Such voucher images also have a role to play in training artificial intelligence (AI) systems that will be applied to future paleobiological questions. Notes Supplementary table files consist of raw data downloads from the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) and iDigBio. The PBDB datasets have Creative Commons BY 4.0 (CC BY) licenses. The default license for iDigBio is CC BY, though data providers may select their own CC license types to the iDigBio portal.