Design Roadmap to Modules with 24 % Efficiency

We analyze loss channels in module efficiency using the cell-to-module (CTM) methodology for three different module concepts (based on conventional half cells, shingled cells and interdigitated back contact cells) and assess changes in module and component design to reduce losses and to reach 24 % in module efficiency. We quantify the improvements and calculate the necessary cell efficiency to reach 24 % in module efficiency. Our findings indicate that reducing cell spacing significantly enhances module efficiency, with additional gains observed from decreasing string and edge spacing, as well as implementing frameless designs. However, these changes require careful consideration of manufacturing processes, reliability and electrical safety standards. For shingled modules, reducing cell overlap and applying edge passivation techniques can mitigate power losses from cell splitting and edge recombination, respectively. Optimization efforts, including the use of macro-structured front and rear glass, improved anti-reflective coatings, and lower effective shading ribbons, result in substantial efficiency gains across all module types in the range of 0.7 %abs. The study concludes that while the half-cell module exhibits the lowest efficiency, shingled modules with edge passivation achieve the highest efficiencies, potentially reaching 24 %. This research provides valuable insights into the necessary cell efficiencies for achieving 24 % module efficiency across different designs, highlighting the potential of advanced cell and interconnection technologies in future commercial applications.