Bone marrow organoids: Decoding the three-dimensional code of hematopoietic niches

The bone marrow serves not only as a “factory” for hematopoiesis but also as a dynamic ecological “repository” regulating immune responses, metabolic processes, and disease progression. Its complexity stems from the three-dimensional interplay of vascular networks, mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and immune cells - a spatial dynamism poorly captured by traditional models. Recently, the first functional human bone marrow organoids were constructed in vitro through multilineage differentiation and self-organization of induced pluripotent stem cells. This model accurately captures the key functional and structural characteristics of the human bone marrow hematopoietic niche, marking a significant milestone in advancing research on hematopoietic development and bone marrow diseases.