Comprehensive model of a synchronous generator for single-node studies

As power electronics increasingly replace Synchronous Generators (SGs), the focus on system frequency stability has grown. To study frequency dynamics during disturbances, time-domain models, such as the simple single-node model, are used. The commonly used single-node models lack sufficient representation of electric power dynamics, simplifying converter-interfaced generation (CIG) behavior as reduced system inertia. However, control strategies, such as Power System Stabilizers (PSS) on SGs or Power Oscillation Dampers (POD) on CIG, can modify the system-wide frequency response. This paper presents a comprehensive state-space model of a SG for single-node studies, offering flexibility to analyze electrical interactions involving the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and PSS, while facilitating the inclusion of power electronics. Additionally, the model provides a mathematical framework for understanding the relationships between system parameters through statespace representation and could be used to explore other critical interactions.