Exposure to lead and cadmium released from ceramics and glassware

The migration of lead and cadmium from ceramic and glassware used for food contact is a significant source of lead and cadmium intake in humans. This study shed light on the analysis carried out to identify the presence of lead and cadmium in samples of ceramic and glassware, which are available on the market in the Republic of North Macedonia. The analysis involved examining 33 samples, consisting of 16 ceramic and 17 glass items that were subsequently categorized into three categories, following the guidelines outlined in Directive 84/500/EC and the Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia, no. 1/2013 for ceramics, as well as ISO 7086:2020 1, 2 for glass. An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to analyze the concentration of lead and cadmium in samples. The obtained results indicate that the level of Pb concentration in ceramics from the second category exceeds the Maximum Permissible Migration Level (MPML). It is suspected that the lead found may have come from the lead-based paints used on the interior surfaces, as well as from the improperly applied glaze. The results also reveal that the concentration of Pb in the first category of glassware surpasses the Maximum Permissible Migration Level (MPML). It is believed that the migrated lead comes from the full exterior decoration. Upon reviewing the measured and calculated Pb values in the remaining glassware, it is evident that in all the other samples analyzed from each category, it does not surpass the values above the MPML. Additionally, Cd concentrations do not exceed the MPML in all 33 samples. Among the 33 tested samples, 10% of second-category ceramic items were found to be inadequate. This highlights the necessity for ceramics and glassware sold in the market to contain accurate declarations, particularly regarding the levels of lead and cadmium that could migrate into the food. Consumers should pay attention when purchasing such products, especially ceramics, to minimize health risks to the population.