Optimal Design of CO2 Capture, Utilisation, Mineralisation, and Sequestration Networks within Industrial Clusters

<p><span>Holistic development of CO<sub>2</sub> capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) networks is crucial for the cost-effectiveness and the widespread deployment of such technologies in the industry. This work proposes a novel framework for the design and optimisation of CCUS networks within industrial clusters. Models for advanced CO<sub>2</sub> capture, utilisation, mineralisation, compression, transportation, and sequestration processes, coupled with economics are developed and employed. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) nanoparticles produced by a rotating-packed bed process are considered as the sole product of CO<sub>2</sub> utilisation and provide the revenue in the CCUS network. The framework aims on minimising the total annual cost of the network through adapting the optimal designs of each subprocess and selecting the most suitable CO<sub>2</sub> routes, while ensuring 90 % decrease of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework is used to solve the optimisation problem. The performed case studies involve 5 industrial emitters from different industrial sectors, 3 sequestration sites, and one mineral deposit site. The results showed that the traditional CO<sub>2</sub> capture-transportation-sequestration chain is favourable when we assume no revenue from the utilisation process, and it offers 7.2 % lower cost per ton of avoided CO<sub>2</sub> than purchasing carbon permits with the current price. Considering revenue from PCC drives all available Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> into the utilisation process, reducing the network’s cost per ton of CO<sub>2</sub> by 10.9 % and 3.9 % compared to the carbon permits and CCS network costs.</span></p>