A comprehensive review of the zoonotic potential of avian influenza viruses: a globally circulating threat to pandemic influenza in human

Avian influenza viruses represent a significant zoonotic threat, capable of infecting a variety of avian, animal, and human species. Over recent decades, numerous human epidemic and pandemic flu outbreaks have occurred due to zoonotic avian influenza viruses worldwide. Avian influenza viruses can be transmitted from birds to humans, both directly and indirectly. Waterfowl and domestic birds serve as reservoir hosts for all subtypes of influenza viruses. Pigs and some bird species, like quail, act as mixing vessels, facilitating viral reassortment. Farmers, meat processing workers, and poultry veterinarians are at significant risk of influenza infection due to their frequent contact with ill animals and contaminated environments. As a result, using vaccines and administering efficient antiviral drugs to sick poultry are critical steps for preventing the emergence of future influenza viral pandemics. This review endeavors to furnish a comprehensive exploration of the avian influenza virus and the urgent need for proactive preventive measures.