Social Norms, Economic Complexity, and Gender Inequality in Higher Education in Iran

This study explores the influence of gender-based social norms on gender inequality in higher education within the context of economic complexity across a panel of 23 countries, with particular focus on Iran, over the period from 2014 to 2021. Economic complexity, representing the sophistication and diversity of an economy's productive capabilities, is posited as a significant determinant impacting gender inequality in educational outcomes. In addition to economic complexity, control variables such as government educational expenditure per student, unemployment rate, good governance, and business openness are included to provide a comprehensive view. Empirical findings indicate that higher foreign direct investment and an improved governance index contribute to a reduction in gender inequality in education, whereas higher unemployment levels are associated with an increase in inequality. In contrast, trade liberalization and government educational expenditure per student do not significantly impact gender inequality in higher education. This paper offers insights into the dynamics of social norms and economic structures in shaping educational equity, with policy implications for countries aiming to reduce gender disparities in higher education through economic and governance reforms.