Research progress of neuroregulation in the treatment of fecal incontinence

［Abstract］Fecal incontinence (FI) is defined as the involuntary leakage or discharge of solid or liquid feces, severely impacting patients’ quality of life, physical health, and mental well-being. The treatment objective is to decrease the frequency and severity of FI episodes and enhance patients’ quality of life. Currently, neuromodulation therapies are widely applied in the treatment of FI, primarily including neuromuscular electrical stimulation such as sacral nerve stimulation, tibial nerve stimulation, pudendal nerve stimulation, dorsal nerve stimulation of the clitoris or penis, as well as magnetic stimulation and electroacupuncture. This article reviews the research progress of neuromodulation in the treatment of fecal incontinence.