City Branding, Recreation, and Care vis-à-vis Constantinos Doxiadis's Entopia and Adriano Olivetti's Concrete Utopia: Urban Scale Digital Twins and Health, Environmental and Social Aspects in Tourism and Heritage Studies

The paper explores how urban governance approaches of Constantinos A. Doxiadis's 'entopia' and Adriano Olivetti's 'concrete utopia' could enhance the current debates on urban scale digital twins, with a particular emphasis on urban analytics concerning health, environmental and social aspects of tourism and heritage. Urban-scale digital twins are virtual replicas of cities or parts of cities that are used in urban analytics to simulate scenarios during the decision-making phase of urban planning. Special attention is paid to the potential of utilizingu rban-scale digital twins by policymakers while deciding on branding strategies for creating sites destined for recreation and care. At the paper's core is the analysis of how 'entopia' and 'concrete utopia' can be combined with the methods of predicting health, environmental and social aspects of tourism and heritage using urban-scale digital twins. Doxiadis defined 'entopia' as a place that is practicable. Informing regarding this term is its etymology: "εν" in Greek means "in", and "τόπος" in Greek means "place". Doxiadis presented the notion of 'entopia' during his Trinity College lectures in 1966, and he analyzed it further in his book Between Dystopia and Utopia, published that same year. The paper also examines Doxiadis Associates'"Human Community" research program, which was conducted in the 1960s and is related to the founding of the Doxiadis Associates Computer Center (DACC) and the use of a computer UNIVAC 1107 for urban analytics.