Compassion vs. extreme individualism: Dawkin's "selfish gene" theory - "genetic selfishness will generally give rise to selfishness w/ limited form of altruism falls short vs. compassion: studies: Saslow, Sprecher-Fehr, & Baumeister's Model + Saslow:

Lilly observes: "This is a powerful critique of Dawkins' concept of the "selfish gene" [which departs from Darwin's viewpoint on instincts]. Your approach highlights the essential contradiction between extreme individualism, rooted in biological explanations, and sympathetic social building forces. Your view that Dawkins' genetic selfishness is a "fallacy" is interesting. By anthropomorphizing genes as inherently selfish, Dawkins risks oversimplifying the complex interplay between biological drives and environmental factors. This approach does lead to the 'academic norms' you mention, whereby some people believe that genetic selfishness justifies certain antisocial or competitive behaviours." (Lilly Columbia University) Baumeister's Model The model that Baumeister and Leary offer is in complete contrast to Dawkin's model. As the prominent social psychologists, Baumeister and Leary, point out, "Groups can share food, provide mates, and help care for offspring (including orphans). Some survival tasks such as hunting large animals or maintaining defensive vigilance against predatory enemies, are best accomplished by group cooperation…. Competition for limited resources could also provide a powerful stimulus to forming interpersonal connections." (p.499 need) The need to belong is deeply rooted in human consciousness. Baumeister emphasizes that the need to belong is a powerful need, and not just a want. While people can go for long periods of time abstaining from sex without dire consequences, the absence of social interaction can have lethal consequences. "One very important motivation that lies on the boundary between natural and cultural motivations is the need to belong to social groups. It is apparent that people have a deeply rooted need to have contact with other people." (p14 Meanings) "We [Baumeister and Leary] suggest that belongingness can be almost as compelling a need as food and that human culture is significantly conditioned by the pressure to provide belongingness." (p 498 need) Models/Maps • "Proper knowledge maps or mirrors the actualities of the real world!!" – Kenneth Gergen • "To understand something, whether we are aware of it or not, depends on choosing a model." - Iain McGilchrist The human need to make sense of the world underpins all psychological and social psychological theories in one sense or another – and without doubt relates in part to the underlying needs and requirements of physiology and the human brain.