Balancing Agricultural Productivity and Ecosystem Resilience: A Multi-Species Interaction and Simulation Framework

Climate change, pollution, and overexploitation have drastically reduced global biodiversity, posing significant threats to the functionality and stability of agricultural ecosystems. Agriculture occupies 40% of Earth's land area, providing essential food and ecological services, but intensive farming has led to decreased productivity, increased pest outbreaks, and other issues that hinder sustainable development. To address these challenges, we constructed a dynamic balance model for forest, crop, and weed areas, incorporating plant density and growth parameters to simulate vegetation cover and land conversion. We also used differential equations to quantify the interactions among bats, insects, birds, and plants, analyzing predation efficiency and population dynamics. Additionally, combining Cellular Automata and system dynamics, we simulated land use change, energy flow, and ecological process evolution. The research aimed to explore the impact of agricultural expansion on ecological stability, propose strategies that balance production and conservation, and build a new theoretical framework for sustainable agriculture. The results show that bats reduce pest density by 30%, boosting pollination success by 20%, while earthworms improve soil structure and enhance plant growth by 15%. Energy transfer efficiency in food chains is 10%-20%, with bats and birds playing a crucial role in pest control. Ecosystem stability sharply declines when forest cover falls below 30%, and maintaining ecological buffer zones and limiting chemical use is crucial to preserving ecosystem stability.