Carbon Quantum Dots and Drug Analysis: Structure, Properties, Preparation and Applications

\nCarbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising nanomaterials for drug analysis because of their versatile applications. This work examines the synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of CQDs, with a focus on their role in drug analysis. CQDs are quasi-spherical nanoparticles (<10 nm) with a carbon core and various surface functional groups. They exhibit strong, tunable photoluminescence, high photostability, and good biocompatibility. Synthesis methods discussed in this work include electrochemical exfoliation, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, and microwave-assisted synthesis. The distinct advantages and limitations of these methods are also outlined. CQDs demonstrate significant potential in various aspects of drug analysis. They could be functionalized as targeted drug carriers and gene delivery, while their optical properties enable tracking of drug distribution and development of fluorescent biosensors. CQDs also show promise as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment. In analytical techniques, CQDs are utilized in chromatography, fluorescence-based methods, and solid-phase extraction for drug analysis and separation. The advantages of CQDs include high photostability, low toxicity, and easy to be functionalized. However, challenges such as scalability, precise functionalization, and regulatory compliance need to be addressed. Future research directions of this area involve developing enhanced drug delivery systems, integrating CQDs with advanced imaging modalities, and creating portable diagnostic devices. Interdisciplinary collaboration will be crucial in advancing CQD applications in drug analysis and overcoming current challenges.\n