Rhamnolipid-ModifiedPHB–Ectoine Nanoparticlesfor Multifunctional Skin Protection Against UVB, Irritation, and Bacteria

Rhamnolipid, poly­(<i>R</i>)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), and ectoine are sustainable compounds produced by specific bacteria known for their protective benefits, including promoting skin health in applications, such as facial wash, sunscreens, and moisturizers. These compounds have been extensively studied due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Leveraging these beneficial properties, this study aimed to create a multifunctional protective formulation by synthesizing nanoparticles from PHB and ectoine, which are acknowledged for their anti-ultraviolet B (UVB) and anti-irritation properties. The covalent bonding of PHB and ectoine was achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)­carbodiimide (EDC), and the nanoparticles were produced through centrifugation. The synthesized nanoparticle (PHB–ectoine NPs) was physicochemically characterized and tested for anti-irritation and anti-UVB properties in vitro. The characterization revealed a homogeneous spherical shape with a distinct layered structure, primarily composed of carbon and oxygen. The PHB–ectoine NPs measured 527 ± 228 nm in size, had a zeta potential of −61.47 ± 0.64 mV, and exhibited notably higher anti-irritant and anti-UVB activities compared to PHB alone, by over 10 and 4 times, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of a rhamnolipid solution as a dispersant provided the nanofluid with antibacterial properties againstStaphylococcus aureus. These results indicate that the rhamnolipid–PHB–ectoine nanoformulation shows significant potential as a multifunctional skin protective agent with anti-irritation, anti-UVB, and antibacterial capabilities.