Multifunctional Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>@PDA/CuO<sub>2</sub> Nanoplatform for Synergistic\nPhotothermal, Photodynamic and\nPhotothermal-Enhanced Chemodynamic Antibacterial Therapy

The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance has necessitated\nthe development of innovative antibacterial strategies. In this study,\na nanoplatform, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>@PDA/CuO<sub>2</sub>, was\nengineered to exploit the synergistic effects of photothermal therapy\n(PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) under\nnear-infrared (NIR) light irradiation for the effective treatment\nof bacterial infections. Upon exposure to an 808 nm NIR laser and\nthe application of hydrogen peroxide, the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>@PDA/CuO<sub>2</sub> nanoplatform demonstrated robust PTT, PDT and\nsignificantly photothermal-enhanced CDT activities. This multimodal\ntherapeutic approach resulted in a pronounced antimicrobial response,\nas evidenced by <i>in vitro</i> assays that showed an extraordinary\nreduction in the viability of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with efficacies of 98.5% and 99.5%,\nrespectively. Our findings contribute significant insights into the\ndesign of synergistic antibacterial strategies and offer a promising\navenue for the development of advanced antimicrobial interventions.