Repeatable Perovskite\nSolar Cells through Fully Automated\nSpin-Coating and Quenching

Enhancing reproducibility, repeatability, as well as\nfacilitating\ntransferability between laboratories will accelerate the progress\nin many material domains, wherein perovskite-based optoelectronics\nare a prime use case. This study presents fully automated perovskite\nthin film processing using a commercial spin-coating robot in an inert\natmosphere. We successfully apply this novel processing method to\nantisolvent quenching. This process is typically difficult to reproduce\nand transfer and is now enhanced to exceptional repeatability in comparison\nto manual processing. Champion perovskite solar cells demonstrate\npower conversion efficiencies as high as 19.9%, proving the transferability\nof established manual spin-coating processes to automatic setups.\nComparison with human experts reveals that the performance is already\non par, while automated processing yields improved homogeneity across\nthe substrate surface. This work demonstrates that fully automated\nperovskite thin film processing improves repeatability. Such systems\nbear the potential to become a foundation for autonomous optimization\nand greatly improve transferability between laboratories.