Monolayer WSe₂ Field-Effect TransistorPerformance Enhancement by Atomic Defect Engineering and Passivation

Monolayer two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as leading candidates for next-generation electronic devices beyond silicon, owing to their atomically thin structure and superior electrostatic control. However, their integration into industrial applications remains limited due to high densities of lattice defects and challenges in achieving stable and effective doping. In this work, we present a passivation and doping technique that significantly recovers and enhances the electrical properties of monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe₂). Our defect-facilitated (NH₄)₂S surface passivation approach has achieved robust enhancements in both the on-state and off-state performance of monolayer WSe₂ p-type field-effect transistors (p-FETs), enhancing channel mobility 3-fold, reaching a subthreshold slope (<i>SS</i>_min) value of 70 mV/dec, on-currents of 110 μA/μm, and <i>I</i>_max/<i>I</i>_min > 10⁹, while maintaining stability across a range of conditions. Furthermore, we establish a strong correlation between device off-state performance and the full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of the Raman characterization peak. The defect engineering approach, combined with (NH₄)₂S treatment at room temperature, offers a viable pathway for passivation and substitutional doping, advancing the potential for improved charge transport in future 2D TMD-based electronic devices.