2D Printed Plasmonic\nNanoparticle Array Incorporated\nFormamidinium-Based High-Performance Self-Biased Perovskite Photodetector

Utilizing noble metal nanoparticles through novel technologies\nis a promising avenue for enhancing the performance of organic/inorganic\nphotodetectors. This study investigates the performance enhancement\nof Formamidinium-based perovskite (Pe) photodetectors (PDs) through\nthe incorporation of plasmonic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) arrays\nusing a 2D printing technique. The incorporation of plasmonic Ag NPs\nleads to a major improvement in the performance of the planar PD device,\nwhich is attributed to increased light absorption, hot electron generation,\nand more efficient charge extraction and transport. The unique aspect\nof this study lies in the method of incorporating plasmonic NPs using\na two-dimensional printing technology. This approach offers several\nadvantages over traditional methods, including lower cost, nonvacuum\noperation, and compatibility with room temperature fabrication. The\nprinted plasmon-enhanced optimized perovskite PD exhibits remarkable\nperformance metrics, including a peak responsivity of 1.03 A/W at\n5 V external bias, which is significantly high compared to the reported\ndevices. Moreover, the PD demonstrates exceptional detectivity with\na peak value of 3.7 × 10<sup>12</sup> Jones at 5 V, highlighting\nits capability to detect ultralow light signals with high precision.\nThe device can be reversibly switched between low and high conductance\nstates, yielding a stable and repeatable <i>I</i><sub>light</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>dark</sub> ratio of 1.06 × 10<sup>4</sup>. In addition, the integration of plasmonic nanoparticles imparts\nremarkable photovoltaic characteristics to the perovskite photodetector,\nenabling it to function as a self-biased device. The hybrid device\ndemonstrates a peak responsivity of 15 mA/W, a high detectivity of\n2.15 × 10<sup>11</sup> Jones, and a significant on–off\nratio of 2.23 × 10<sup>3</sup>, all achieved at zero external\nbias. Overall, this study presents a significant advancement in the\nfield of plasmon-enhanced Pe photodetection technology. By utilizing\nthe benefits of printing technology to incorporate NPs, we have developed\na high-performance PD that combines cost-effectiveness with exceptional\nperformance. Thus, we believe that this study will pave the way for\nthe development of a low-cost, high-performance plasmon-enhanced Pe-based\nPD.