Impact of Ionic Conduction\non Hysteresis and Long-Term\nDegradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells, known for their high efficiency,\nface a\nchallenge with hysteresis in current–voltage (<i>J</i>–<i>V</i>) measurements, complicating accurate characterization.\nThis study explores the factors contributing to hysteresis, with a\nparticular focus on ionic conduction, to address this issue. We have\ndeveloped an analytical model incorporating transient response analysis\nto reproduce hysteresis and evaluate the impact of ionic parameters\nsuch as mobility and interfacial recombination. Our findings identified\niodine vacancy (<i>V</i><sub>I</sub>) conduction as a primary\ncause of <i>J</i>–<i>V</i> hysteresis,\noffering significant insights for the field. We also discovered that\nmethylammonium vacancies (<i>V</i><sub>MA</sub>) contributed\nto long-term cell performance degradation, with diffusion coefficients\nhigher than previously reported. This research highlights the practical\nimportance of understanding ionic conduction to improve the characterization\nand efficiency of perovskite solar cells, emphasizing the need for\nfurther investigation in this area.