Combining\nMesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles\n(MBGNs) with Essential Oils to Tackle Bacterial Infection and Oxidative\nStress for Bone Regeneration Applications

Bacterial infectious diseases remain one of the significant\nchallenges\nin the field of bone regeneration applications. Despite the development\nof new antibiotics, their improper administration has led to the development\nof multiresistant bacterial strains. In this study, we proposed a\nnovel approach to tackle this problem by loading clove oil (CLV),\na natural antibacterial compound, into amino-functionalized mesoporous\nbioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs). The scanning electron microscopy\nimages (SEM) revealed that amino-functionalization and CLV loading\ndid not affect the shape and size of the MBGNs. The successful grafting\nof the amino groups on the MBGNs’ surface and the presence\nof CLV in the material were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier\ntransform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements.\nThe increased CLV concentration led to a higher loading capacity,\nencapsulation efficiency, and antioxidant activity. The <i>in\nvitro</i> CLV release profile exhibited an initial burst release,\nfollowed by a controlled release over 14 days. The loading of CLV\ninto MBGNs led to a stronger antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. aureus, while MG-63 osteoblast-like cell viability was enhanced with no\nmorphological changes compared to the control group. In conclusion,\nthe CLV-MBGNs nanocarriers showed promising properties <i>in\nvitro</i> as novel drug delivery systems, exploiting essential\noils for treating bone infections and oxidative stress.