Amine-to-AmineDeoxyribonucleic Acid Conjugation Processon Gold Surfaces for Electric Field-Assisted Hybridization

DNA immobilization on metal surfaces is widely used for DNA hybridization applications in biotechnology and nanotechnology. Stable DNA binding properties are essential to the functionality and accuracy for these DNA-based applications. We developed an optimized protocol utilizing amine-functionalized surfaces and demonstrated enhanced hybridization efficiency through electrical field assistance. Our approach achieved uniform molecular coverage and improved binding stability compared with conventional thiol–gold chemistry methods. Fluorescence microscopy analysis confirmed successful DNA immobilization and hybridization, with significantly higher signal intensities observed under the optimized conditions. This method provides a promising platform for developing sensitive biosensors and molecular detection systems, offering improved control over the DNA surface density and orientation while maintaining biological functionality.