The ethical trilemma of unclaimed cryopreserved embryos: an effective altruism framework

Unclaimed embryos are cryopreserved embryos created through assisted reproductive technologies that remain in storage, typically because the individuals who created them are no longer using or actively claiming them. These embryos present a significant ethical challenge, as indefinite storage is unsustainable. This article addresses the trilemma of what to do with unclaimed embryos: whether to discard them, donate them to other couples seeking fertility treatment, or use them for scientific research. To resolve this trilemma, the principles of effective altruism —which focus on using resources to maximize positive impact for the greatest number of people— are applied to evaluate each option. The analysis concludes that donating unclaimed embryos for research is the most ethically sound choice, as it offers substantial social benefits through advancements in stem cell therapy, genetic research, and other medical fields. While discarding or donating embryos for adoption holds moral value, research provides the greatest potential for long-term improvements in human health and well-being. This article calls for legal and ethical reforms to support research on unclaimed embryos, encouraging a shift in reproductive medicine that reflects contemporary ethical priorities and scientific opportunities.