Characterization of chemical profiles of essential oils and volatiles of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. using classical hydrodistillation, classical steam distillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, solvent free microwave extraction, he

In this study, the essential oils and volatiles from the flowers, leaves, and stems of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. were characterized for the first time using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), headspace-assisted (HS) extraction, and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The results were also compared with those obtained from traditional separation techniques, including classical hydrodistillation (CHD) and classical steam distillation (CSD). While some common compounds were identified across all profiles, notable differences emerged due to the varying extraction methods employed. In terms of chemical categories, oxygenated monoterpenes were found to be the most prevalent group of natural compounds contributing to the overall chemical profiles. Moreover, 1,8-cineole was identified as the major constituent component of all the characterized profiles.