Principles of Genetics and Beyond: Inheritance, Mutation, and the Genomic Basis of Disorders

This presentation offers a comprehensive overview of classical and modern genetics, bridging foundational concepts with contemporary applications in biotechnology and medical science.Topics include Mendelian genetics, multiple alleles, gene linkage and crossing over, genetic mapping, gene interactions (polygenes), sex-linked and extranuclear inheritance, as well as quantitative inheritance. The presentation also covers key mechanisms such as mutagenesis, DNA repair, and the function of transposable elements (transposons).Special focus is given to genetic engineering and GMOs, as well as the genetic factors potentially contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.Created as part of an undergraduate biotechnology curriculum at Kozybayev University and the University of Arizona, this resource is intended to support students, educators, and early-career researchers interested in genetics, molecular biology, and applied biotechnology.