Transient Exclusion Zone (EZ) Water at Ice–Water Boundaries in Electrified Storm Clouds: A Missing Link in Cloud Electrification and Microphysics

This theory paper explores the possible role of transient exclusion zone (EZ) water layers forming at ice–water boundaries in the presence of strong electric fields inside storm clouds. It proposes that such transient microstructures may contribute to atmospheric charge separation, lightning initiation, and unexplained patterns in cloud microphysics. The paper reviews recent laboratory evidence, discusses why these phenomena remain elusive in atmospheric observations, and outlines a roadmap for laboratory and field detection.<br><b>Author’s Note:</b> This paper was originally a theoretical piece in 2025. Since then, empirical and data-driven studies have been conducted to test and extend these hypotheses. For further evidence and reproducible analyses, see:<br> “A Minimal Electrodynamic Hydrology Model: Introducing a Prognostic Charge Bucket for Cloud Microphysics (v3.7.2),” Figshare, 2025. https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/A_Minimal_Electrodynamic_Hydrology_Model_Introducing_a_Prognostic_Charge_Bucket_for_Cloud_Microphysics_v3/29133110?file=55199345