Using visual research methods to study occupations: A scoping review

Visual research methods (VRMs), including photovoice, photo-elicitation, drawing, collaging, and videography, are increasingly employed in qualitative research exploring occupation. However, an in-depth analysis of these methods within occupational science (OS) and occupational therapy (OT) is scarce. To summarize the literature on VRMs and critically analyze the use within OS and OT, with a particular focus on the methodological aspects of VRMs’ application. The six steps of the scoping review framework were followed. The extracted data were analyzed using summative content analysis. Seventy-three articles were included in the analysis. VRMs were used with people of all age groups across all continents, with and without disabilities or health conditions. VRMs were used both independently and in combination with other research methods, most often within ethnographic or phenomenological methodological frameworks. Thematic analysis was the most frequent method of data analysis. The review provides insights into occupation-related topics and populations studied using VRMs and the methods of collecting and analyzing data from visual materials. VRMs can enhance occupation-focused participatory research. It is essential that researchers in OS and OT adhere to rigorous protocols and to clearly articulate the purpose of using VRMs.