Fabrication, characterization, and docking studies of furosemide-loaded nanosponges using the emulsion solvent diffusion method

This study aimed to fabricate, characterize, and perform molecular docking of furosemide-loaded nanosponges (NSs) using the emulsion solvent diffusion method. Sustained-release NS formulations of furosemide were developed using ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and dichloromethane (DCM) via the emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The formulations were evaluated for production yield, actual drug content, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer compatibility, surface morphology, docking study, and in vitro drug release. SEM images displayed the nanosized, spherical, porous, and spongy texture of furosemide NS. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed no drug-polymer incompatibility. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis indicated an amorphous state of furosemide, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) suggested drug-polymer complexation. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained drug release for up to 10 h. Molecular docking supported stable interactions between furosemide and polymers. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further revealed adequate hydrogen bonding and diffusion behavior, confirming polymer composition-dependent release and structural stability. These findings indicate that furosemide-loaded NSs are a promising sustained-release delivery system capable of reducing dosing frequency and enhancing patient compliance.