Harnessing the anti-inflammatory potential of <i>Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.</i>: a comprehensive study on a leafless parasitic weed using chromatographic, <i>in silico</i>, and <i>in vitro</i> methods

<i>Cuscuta reflexa Roxb</i>., a parasitic weed of the Convolvulaceae family, relies entirely on host plants for nutrients but possesses notable medicinal properties. This study explored the biologically active compounds in <i>Cuscuta reflexa</i> using traditional pharmacognostic methods combined with modern chromatographic, <i>in vitro</i>, and <i>in silico</i> techniques. After collection, authentication, and extraction, preliminary screenings identified the ethyl acetate extract as the most promising. Chromatographic analyses (HPTLC and HRLC–MS) revealed 14 potential phytochemicals, including quercetin and bopindolol. <i>In silico</i> studies showed these compounds to have strong anti-inflammatory activity, targeting COX-II and Interleukin-6. <i>In vitro</i> assays, such as protein denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilisation, validated these findings, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory effects. The results highlight <i>Cuscuta reflexa’s</i> potential as a source of anti-inflammatory agents, particularly quercetin and bopindolol, offering natural alternatives to synthetic drugs and contributing to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The plant’s pharmacological potential opens avenues for future medicinal research.