Investigating animals and environments in contact with leptospirosis patients in Aotearoa New Zealand reveals complex exposure pathways

Three human leptospirosis cases from a case-control study were recruited for in-contact animal and environment sampling and <i>Leptospira</i> testing between October 2020 and December 2021. These cases were selected because of regular exposure to livestock, pets, and/or wildlife, and sampling was carried out on their farms or lifestyle blocks (sites A–C), with veterinarians overseeing the process for livestock, and cases collecting environmental and wildlife samples. Across the three sites, a total of 137 cattle, &gt; 40 sheep, 28 possums, six dogs, six rats, three pigs and three rabbits were tested. Herd serology results on Site A, a dairy farm, showed infection with Tarassovi and Pomona; urinary shedding showed <i>Leptospira borgpetersenii</i> str. Pacifica. Animals were vaccinated against Hardjo, Pomona and Copenhageni. The farmer was diagnosed with Ballum. On Site B, a beef and sheep farm, serology showed infection with Pomona; animals were not vaccinated, and the farmer was diagnosed with Hardjo. On Site C, cattle were shedding <i>L. borgpetersenii</i>; animals were not vaccinated, and the case’s serovar was indeterminate. Six wild animals associated with Sites A and C and one environmental sample from Site A were positive for pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> by PCR. These findings highlight the complexity of potential exposures and the difficulty in identifying infection sources for human cases. This reinforces the need for multiple preventive measures such as animal vaccination, the use of personal protective equipment, pest control, and general awareness of leptospirosis to reduce infection risk in agricultural settings. Farms with unvaccinated livestock had <i>Leptospira</i> infections, highlighting the importance of animal vaccination. Infections amongst stock that were vaccinated emphasise the importance of best practice vaccination recommendations and pest control.