Impact of surgical intervention on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and body-mass index: a scoping review

Upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) offers an alternative to CPAP, but its impact on weight changes is poorly studied. To systematically review published literature on the relationship between surgical intervention for OSA and changes in body mass index (BMI). A literature search was conducted from 2013–2024 in five databases. Full-text English articles which examined BMI changes in adults with OSA pre- and post-surgery were included. The quality of each study was assessed independently by two researchers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. This study was reported according to the PRISMA-ScR. Eleven studies, involving 406 patients from six countries were included. Most patients were males (88.4%) with a mean age of 40 years old. The pre-operative BMI were higher [27.8 kg/m² (SD = 2.6)] compared to a BMI of 27.7 kg/m² (SD = 1.3) at 21.0 months post-operation. The pre-operative Epworth Sleepiness Score was 13.28 (SD = 6.36), while the apnea-hypopnea index was 41.2 (SD = 16.88), indicating that most patients were diagnosed with severe OSA. The average oxygen desaturation index was 35.63 (SD = 11.17). The meta-analysis showed no significant BMI changes after surgery (mean difference:-0.29; 95% CI:-0.80 to 0.21; I² = 30%). Findings were consistent with no publication bias found. Upper airway surgery for OSA does not significantly affect BMI. The authors propose closer monitoring of weight changes following upper airway surgery, as weight fluctuations can impact the outcomes of surgery. Unchanged weight post-surgery may be attributed to suboptimal OSA treatment.