<b>The Mass-Energy Gravity Model: A Fundamental Alternative to Dark Matter and Dark Energy</b>

This paper presents the <b>Mass-Energy Gravity (MEG) model</b>, a novel framework for describing gravitational interactions through <b>direct mass-energy density constraints</b>, eliminating the need for <b>spacetime curvature, dark matter, and dark energy</b>. The model introduces the <b>Unified Limit (U)</b>, which imposes an upper bound on energy density, preventing singularities and providing a physically consistent alternative to traditional gravity models.This revised version further refines the MEG framework by:• <b>Unifying Expansion, Gravity, and Inertia</b> – demonstrating how cosmic expansion, gravitational attraction, and inertial motion arise from the same energy-density redistribution process.• <b>Clarifying the Role of Energy-Density Gradients (EDGs)</b> – expanding on how mass-energy interacts within EDGs to drive gravitational effects, large-scale structure formation, and observed cosmic acceleration.• <b>Strengthening Empirical Comparisons</b> – showing how the MEG model aligns with <b>DESI, Euclid, LSST, and Planck</b>data, reproducing supernova distributions, baryon acoustic oscillations, and galaxy rotation curves without exotic components.The MEG model continues to offer a testable alternative to the <b>ΛCDM paradigm</b>, replacing dark energy with natural variations in <b>energy-density distributions</b> and explaining cosmic structure formation without dark matter. Future research will further investigate MEG’s implications for gravitational wave behavior and additional large-scale observational tests.