Advances in anammox process for municipal wastewater treatment plants: A review focusing on applied study and full-scale implementation cases

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) has become a prominent research topic in municipal wastewater treatment. It features significant advantages such as reduced organic carbon demand, decreased sludge generation, and realized energy-saving operations. This review summarizes the implementation situation of the anammox process in municipal wastewater treatment. First, the performance, process, and applied studies of the anammox process in sidestream and mainstream treatments are discussed. Additionally, full-scale implementation cases of the anammox process for treating municipal wastewater in various countries and regions were presented. Finally, future directions for anammox process in practical engineering were proposed to support energy self-sufficiency and carbon neutrality.